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How Long Will 6 and a Half Pages Take to Read Out Loud

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Techniques claiming to meliorate the ability to read quickly

Speed reading is any of many techniques claiming to improve i'due south power to read chop-chop. Speed-reading methods include chunking and minimizing subvocalization. The many available speed-reading training programs may utilize books, videos, software, and seminars. At that place is little scientific evidence regarding speed reading, and as a issue its value seems uncertain. Cognitive neuroscientist Stanislas Dehaene says that claims of reading upwards to ane,000 words per minute "must exist viewed with skepticism".[1]

History [edit]

The concept of modern speed reading was thought to have formed in the late 1950s, when Evelyn Wood, a schoolteacher, began to money the term. It is said that she was curious to understand why some people were naturally faster at reading, so tried to force herself to read very rapidly. In 1958, while brushing off the pages of a book she had thrown, she noticed that the sweeping motion of her hand across the page caught the attending of her eyes, and helped them move more than smoothly beyond the page. She and so used the manus as a pacer. Wood commencement taught the method at the University of Utah, before launching it to the public as Evelyn Wood's Reading Dynamics in Washington, D.C. in 1959.[2]

Methods & Principles [edit]

Skimming and scanning [edit]

Skimming is a procedure of speed reading that involves visually searching the sentences of a page for clues to the master thought or when reading an essay, it can mean reading the commencement and ending for summary data, then optionally the kickoff sentence of each paragraph to quickly determine whether to seek still more particular, as determined by the questions or purpose of the reading.[three] [4] [5] [6] [seven] For some people, this comes naturally, but is usually acquired past practice. Skimming is usually seen more in adults than in children. It is conducted at a higher rate (700 words per infinitesimal and above) than normal reading for comprehension (around 200–230 wpm), and results in lower comprehension rates,[8] especially with information-rich reading material.

Scanning is the procedure where one actively looks for information using a heed-map (organizing information in a visually hierarchical manner that showcases the interrelatedness of the information for amend retrievability) formed from skimming.[ citation needed ] These techniques are used by meta-guiding your optics. Scanning includes the chief point equally well as headings and important information.

Meta guiding [edit]

Meta guiding is the visual guiding of the centre using a finger or pointer, such every bit a pen, in order for the eye to movement faster along the length of a passage of text. It involves drawing invisible shapes on a page of text in order to broaden the visual span for speed reading. For example, an audience of customers at a speed reading seminar will exist instructed to utilise a finger or pen to brand these shapes on a page and told that this will speed up their visual cortex, increase their visual span to take in the whole line, and even imprint the information into their hidden for subsequently retrieval. It has also been claimed to reduce subvocalization (saying words in your head rather than grasping the idea), thereby speeding up reading. Considering this encourages the eye to skim over the text, it can reduce comprehension and retention, and pb to missing important details of the text. An emphasis on viewing each give-and-take, albeit briefly without regression (Regression is an unconscious process where the eyes go forrard two or 3 "stops" so go dorsum.) is required for this method to exist effective. E.g. S motility and Z movement.[ description needed ]

Speed reading is a skill honed through practice. Reading a text involves comprehension of the cloth. In speed reading practice this is done through multiple reading processes: preview, overview, read, review and recite; and by read and call up (recording through writing a short summary or a mental outline) exercises.[9] Another important method for amend comprehension is the SQ3R process. These processes aid an individual to retain nigh of the presented ideas from a reading cloth. A ameliorate focus in comprehension is attained through a better reading process with good understanding of the topic.[ clarification needed ]

Types of reading [edit]

There are three types of reading:

  1. Subvocalization: sounding out each word internally, as reading to yourself. This is the slowest form of reading.
  2. Auditory reading: hearing out the read words. This is a faster process.
  3. Visual reading: understanding the meaning of the word, rather than sounding or hearing. This is the fastest process.

Subvocalization readers (Mental readers) generally read at approximately 250 words per infinitesimal, auditory readers at approximately 450 words per minute and visual readers at approximately 700 words per minute. Proficient readers are able to read 280–350 wpm without compromising comprehension.[x]

Effect on comprehension [edit]

Skimming is mainly used for researching and getting an overall thought of a text, especially when time is limited. Duggan & Payne (2009) compared skimming with reading commonly, given only enough time to read commonly through half of a text. They found that the chief points of the full text were ameliorate understood subsequently skimming (which could view the full text) than afterwards normal reading (which but read half the text). There was no deviation betwixt the groups in their understanding of less important information from the text.[11] Skimming or skipping over text can too assist in comprehension when layered reading, a process of strategic rereading, is employed.[12] Further findings suggest that trained speed readers have a slight advantage in both comprehension and speed to untrained skimmers. It is thus suggested past experts that speed-reading is most useful to those who demand "to skim a big corporeality of fabric or need to amend their written report skills" and less useful to those who read "highly technical material that requires careful study of each sentence"[thirteen]

Software [edit]

Heart do for speed reading

Computer programs are available to help instruct speed reading students. Some programs present the data as a serial stream, since the brain handles text more efficiently past breaking it into such a stream before parsing and interpreting it.[ citation needed ] The 2000 National Reading Console (NRP) written report (p. 3-1) seems to back up such a mechanism.

To increase speed, some older programs required readers to view the center of the screen while the lines of text effectually it grew longer. They too presented several objects (instead of text) that motion line by line or bounciness around the screen. Users had to follow the object(s) with simply their eyes. A number of researchers criticize using objects instead of words as an constructive training method, challenge that the but way to read faster is to read actual text. Many of the newer speed reading programs use built-in text, and they primarily guide users through the lines of an on-screen volume at divers speeds. Ofttimes, the text is highlighted to indicate where users should focus their optics. They are non expected to read by pronouncing the words simply instead to read by viewing the words as complete images. The exercises are also intended to train readers to eliminate subvocalization.

Controversies in speed reading [edit]

Common controversies in speed reading are between its intent and nature with traditional concepts like comprehension vs speed; reading vs skimming; popular psychology vs testify-based psychology. Much of the controversy is raised over these points. This is mainly because a reading comprehension level of l% is deemed unusable by some educationalists.[14] Advocates merits that speed reading is a great success and that it is a sit-in of good comprehension for many purposes.[fifteen] The trade-off betwixt speed and comprehension must be analyzed with respect to the blazon of reading that is being done, the risks associated with misunderstanding due to low comprehension, and the benefits associated with getting through the material speedily and gaining information at the bodily rate is to be obtained. Mark Seidenberg considers claims like reading 25,000 words per minute "cannot be truthful given basic facts about eyes and texts". He goes on to say that "people are as likely to read thousands of words per minute as they are to run faster than the speed of light". Marshall McLuhan was initially a convert to speed reading, nonetheless later concluded it was just useful for tasks like "scanning junk mail".[sixteen]

A plot of the middle movements of a speed reader

Similarly, in evaluating a claim that a similar reading strategy known as PhotoReading could increase reading rates to 25,000 words per minute, McNamara published a preliminary analysis funded past NASA to evaluate whether this strategy could ameliorate reading speed, comprehension, and information gathering efficiency. When identical versions of five reading samples and accompanying reading comprehension tests were administered to a trainee and an expert in this reading strategy, there was no advantage in overall reading time or comprehension. This strategy may also cause overestimation of i's cognition, equally demonstrated past the following case in McNamara's preliminary assay, showing evidence of the Dunning-Kruger effect:[17]

The final task given to the PhotoReading expert was to read the three capacity from the textbook on Physiology in order to take an exam from a course that used that textbook. The question was simply: Would she laissez passer the exam? The expert took 73 minutes to PhotoRead and read the three chapters of the textbook required for the exam (i.e., 361 words per minute). She PhotoRead for 9 minutes the nighttime before taking the test. The following morning, she read the text using diverse rapid reading and activation techniques. She and so answered the questions. She completed the 6 true/false and 30 multiple option questions, simply did non try to respond the backup-the-blank or short-respond questions. Hence, comprehension performance on the conceptual questions was 0 percent. She answered 2 of 7 multiple-choice prior knowledge questions correctly (29%). Of the text relevant questions, she answered four of 6 truthful/false questions correctly (67%), and 8 of 23 multiple-choice question correctly (35%). This functioning is extremely low and just slightly above hazard level performance for these types of questions (i.east., l% and 25%, respectively). In sum, she did not pass the exam.

It is important to annotation that subsequently PhotoReading the text (but before taking the examination), she rated her understanding of the material as 4.5 on a five-point calibration (5 representing a skilful agreement). Moreover, she estimated that she would retrieve approximately 68 percent of the material for the examination, with a grade of C+. This high level of confidence in terms of her text comprehension would take remained unshattered had she not then taken the examination – later on which she rated her comprehension much lower (i.eastward., 2)

In a 2016 article[18] published in the journal of 'Psychological Scientific discipline in the Public Involvement', the authors conclude at that place is no 'magic bullet' for reading more rapidly while maintaining comprehension other than to practice reading and to become a more skilled language user (e.g. through increased vocabulary). The authors continue with debunking mutual speed reading techniques such as eliminating sub-vox, reading more than ane word at a time a.one thousand.a. group, using RSVP (Rapid Serial Visual Presentation), increasing peripheral vision, alternate colors for each line of text.

U.S. President John F. Kennedy was a proponent of speed reading,[xix] encouraging his staff to take lessons, and he suggested in an interview that he had a reading speed of 1,200 words per minute.[twenty] U.South. President Jimmy Carter, and his married woman Rosalynn, were both avid readers and enrolled in a speed-reading course at the White House,[21] along with several staff members.

Ronald Carver, a professor of instruction research and psychology, claims that the fastest college graduate readers can read only nearly 600 words per minute, at near twice as fast as their slowest counterparts, and suggests that Kennedy's claimed reading speed was more a measure of how fast he could skim a piece of text.[22] Other critics have suggested that speed reading is actually skimming, not reading.[23]

The World Championship Speed Reading Contest stresses reading comprehension equally critical. The pinnacle contestants typically read around i,000 to 2,000 words per minute with approximately 50% comprehension or to a higher place. The 6 time world champion Anne Jones is recorded for 4200wpm with previous exposure to the cloth and 67% comprehension. The recorded number of words the middle can see in single fixation is three words.[24]

"Speed Reading Globe Record" claims have been controversial. Howard Stephen Berg from the United States has claimed to be the Guinness World Record holder for fast reading with a speed of 25,000 words per minute,[25] and Maria Teresa Calderon from the Philippines claims to accept earned the Guinness World Record for World's Fastest Reader at 80,000 words per minute reading speed and 100% comprehension. [26] Critics indicate out that it is possible to trounce some speed reading world records past reading a pre-read or pre-memorized text, flipping the pages as fast as possible without reading it. The Guinness Speed Reading World Record Standards are not known and they accept terminated[ when? ] calculation speed readers to its honor list. In 2015, Memoriad, the World Mental Sports Federation, gear up the rules for "Speed Reading World Record Standards" in guild to prevent unclear claims.[27] [28]

See likewise [edit]

  • Incremental reading – reading method aimed at long-term memorization
  • Learning styles
  • Learning to read
  • Pareto principle
  • Boring reading − intentional reduction in the speed of reading
  • TL;DR an abbreviation for "Too Long; Didn't Read"

References [edit]

  1. ^ Dehaene, Stanislas (26 October 2010). Reading in the Brain. New York: Penguin Books. pp. 17–18. ISBN978-0-14311-805-3.
  2. ^ Frank, Stanley D. (1994). Remember Everything You Read: The Evelyn Forest 7-Day Speed Reading and Learning Program. Cambridge University Printing. p. xl. ISBN978-1-56619-402-0.
  3. ^ "Study Skills – Constructive reading strategies". Charles Darwin University . Retrieved eleven Baronial 2017.
  4. ^ "How to read an academic article – part 7". Len M Holmes.org.united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland . Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  5. ^ "How to read an academic article – part 1". Len Thousand Holmes.org.united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland . Retrieved 11 Baronial 2017.
  6. ^ Keshav, S. (17 February 2016). "How to Read a Paper" (PDF). University of Waterloo . Retrieved eleven August 2017.
  7. ^ "Paragraphs and Topic Sentences". Indiana University . Retrieved 11 Baronial 2017.
  8. ^ Just, Marcel Adam; Carpenter, Patricia A. (1987). Speedreading: The Psychology of Reading and Language Comprehension. Newton, MA: Allyn & Bacon. ISBN978-0-20508-760-0. Archived from the original on 17 Apr 2015. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
  9. ^ Brown, Emily (23 June 2017). "Method to Meliorate Reading Speed". GetAcademicHelp.com.
  10. ^ "Speed Reading". The Academy of Chicago Educatee Health and Counseling Services. Archived from the original on 7 March 2018. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
  11. ^ Duggan, Thousand.B.; Payne, Due south.J. (September 2009). "Text skimming: the procedure and effectiveness of foraging through text under fourth dimension pressure level" (PDF). J Exp Psychol Appl. 15 (3): 228–242. doi:x.1037/a0016995. PMID 19751073.
  12. ^ Lemov, Doug; Driggs, Colleen; Woolway, Erica (2016). Reading Reconsidered: A Practical Guide to Rigorous Literacy Instruction. John Wiley & Sons. p. 63. ISBN978-1-11910-424-7.
  13. ^ Vanderlinde, William (2018). "Speed Reading: Fact or Fiction?". Skeptical Inquirer. 42 (4): 47–49.
  14. ^ Carver, Ronald P. (1992). "Reading Charge per unit: Theory, Research, and Practical Implications". Periodical of Reading. 36 (2): 84–95.
  15. ^ Buzan, Tony (2006). The Speed Reading Book. Harlow: BBC Active. ISBN978-1-4066-1021-5.
  16. ^ Seidenberg, Mark (2017). Language at the Speed of Sight: How Nosotros Read, Why And then Many Tin't, and What Can Be Done About It. New York City: Bones Books. pp. 70–84. ISBN978-0-46508-065-half dozen.
  17. ^ McNamara, Danielle S. (30 September 1999). "Preliminary Analysis of PhotoReading" (PDF). NASA Technical Reports Server . Retrieved 13 December 2018.
  18. ^ Rayner, Keith; Schotter, Elizabeth R.; Masson, Michael E. J.; Potter, Mary C.; Treiman, Rebecca (fourteen Jan 2016). "Then Much to Read, Then Lilliputian Time". Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 17 (1): 4–34. doi:x.1177/1529100615623267. ISSN 1529-1006. PMID 26769745.
  19. ^ Schoenberg, Philip Ernest (2000). "John F. Kennedy on Leadership". The Presidential Expert. Archived from the original on 24 Feb 2009.
  20. ^ Noah, Timothy (eighteen Feb 2000). "JFK, Speed-Reader". Slate. Archived from the original on 10 Feb 2013. Retrieved xiii March 2019.
  21. ^ "American Feel". PBS. 2002. Archived from the original on 8 September 2005.
  22. ^ Noah, Timothy (eighteen February 2000). "The i,000-Word Dash". Slate.
  23. ^ Carroll, Robert T. (26 October 2015). "Speed-reading". The Skeptic's Lexicon.
  24. ^ Bremer, Rod (2011). The Manual: A Guide to the Ultimate Report Method (second ed.). Fons Sapientiae Publishing. ISBN978-0-99349-640-0.
  25. ^ "Howard Berg "Earth'due south Fastest Reader" on Adept Day Tampa Bay, Play tricks 13 Tampa, 02-sixteen-xiii". YouTube. 17 February 2013. Archived from the original on 21 Dec 2021.
  26. ^ "World'south fastest reader (fourscore,000 words per infinitesimal)". YouTube. eleven September 2013. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021.
  27. ^ "Speed Reading Globe Record Standards". Memoriad.com.
  28. ^ "Speed Reading World Record Standards - Memoriad". YouTube. 9 July 2016. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021.

Further reading [edit]

  • Carver, Ronald P. (1990). Reading Rate: A Review of Research and Theory. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN978-0-12162-420-0.
  • Cunningham, A. E.; Stanovich, K. East.; Wilson, M. R. (1990). "Cognitive Variation in Adult College Students Differing in Reading Ability". In Carr, Thomas H.; Levy, Betty Ann (eds.). Reading and its Development: Component Skills Approaches. New York City: Bookish Press. pp. 129–159. ISBN978-0-12160-645-nine.
  • A Review of the Research on the Instructional Effectiveness of AceReader. Report No. 258 (PDF) (Report). Educational Research Establish of America. 2006.
  • "FTC Action against Kevin Trudeau". Quackwatch.org. 23 July 2000.
  • "Announced Actions for June xix, 1998". Federal Trade Commission. 19 June 1998.
  • Harris, Albert J.; Sipay, Edward R. (1990). How to Increase Reading Power (ninth ed.). New York Urban center: Longman. ISBN978-0-80130-246-vi.
  • Homa, Donald (1983). "An assessment of two "extraordinary" speed-readers". Bulletin of the Psychonomic Club. 21 (2): 123–126. doi:x.3758/BF03329973.
  • Just, Marcel Adam; Carpenter, Patricia A. (1987). Speedreading: The Psychology of Reading and Language Comprehension. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. ISBN978-0-20508-760-0.
  • McBride, Vearl G. (1973). Damn the School System – Total Speed Ahead!. New York City: Exposition Press. ISBN978-0-68247-695-9.
  • "Chapter iii: Fluency". Education Children To Read : An Evidence-Based Assessment of the Scientific Research Literature on Reading and its Implications for Reading Instruction : Reports of the Subgroups (PDF) (Written report). Washington, D.C.: National Reading Panel. 2000. p. 3-i.
  • Nell, Victor (1988). "The Psychology of Reading for Pleasance. Needs and Gratifications". Reading Research Quarterly. 23 (1): 6–l. doi:10.2307/747903.
  • Perfetti, Charles A. (1985). Reading Ability. New York City: Oxford University Printing. ISBN978-0-19503-501-8.
  • Roesler, Peter (2021). Principles of Speed Reading (PDF). Duesseldorf, Frg: exclam. ISBN978-3-943736-12-0.
  • Schmitz, Wolfgang (2013). Schneller lesen – besser verstehen [Reading faster – understanding better] (in German). Hamburg: Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag. ISBN978-3-49963-045-3.
  • Scheele, Paul R. (1996). The PhotoReading Whole Mind System (2nd ed.). Wayzata, Minn: Learning Strategies Corp. ISBN978-0-92548-052-ane.
  • Stancliffe, George D. (2003). Speed Reading 4 Kids (3rd ed.). Point Roberts, WA: The American Speed Reading Project. ISBN978-0-97141-762-5.
  • Wood, Evelyn Nielsen; Barrows, Marjorie Wescott (1958). Reading Skills. New York City: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
  • Davis, Zach (2009). PoweReading. Informationswelle nutzen, Zeit sparen, Effektivität steigern [PoweReading. Use the information wave, save fourth dimension, increase effectiveness] (in High german). Munich: Peoplebuilding Verlag. ISBN978-iii-98095-360-iii.
  • "Reading: Skimming and scanning". BBC Skillswise . Retrieved 13 Baronial 2019.

External links [edit]

  • Sorry, But Speed Reading Won't Help Y'all Read More
  • Golovatyi, Aleksandr (5 July 2019). "How To Read 3x Faster: Some Communication from Readlax". Medium.com.
  • Ferriss, Tim (thirteen May 2014). "How I Learned to Read 300 Percent Faster in 20 Minutes". Huffington Post.
  • Dunning, Brian (26 Oct 2010). "Skeptoid #229: Speed Reading". Skeptoid.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_reading

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